Big Bang Model

This original work is a logical-mathematical model that belongs to the field of cosmology. It presents an alternative hypothesis to the official one to the way the universe arose. Starting from a criticism ofthe continuouslinear application in physics, it leads to the redefinition of the notions of space, time and energy mass, which has the effect of coherently defining the notions of dark matter as well as introducing a model of quantum gravity,showing how this is the fundamental element that gives dynamics to the primordial universe.

The work substantiates older hypotheses, such as those of Paul Dirac, about the decrease in the gravitational constant over time as well as its dependence on the mass and age of the universe. In addition, Stephen Hawking’s Black Hole Information Paradox is canceled, showing that Hawking radiation cannot lead to the evaporation over time of black holes and the loss, in this way, of information accumulated from the matter absorbed by them.

The validation or invalidation of this work can be done after the accumulation of data obtained from the James Webbspacetelescope, scheduled to be launched at the endof 2021, if it can retrieve data about the extremely early stages of the universe after the Big Bang.

Abstract

this thesis presents the hypothesis regarding the step by step construction and evolution, from nothing of the space-energy-mass-time elements, that together define the Universe.
several fundamental concepts are redefined, such as:
- space is not defined here as a medium in which matter is poured or as a philosophical category which designates objective forms of existence. In this thesis, space, mass-energy and time are a unified whole, which is itself, the Universe. In order for the gap between this concept and the classic ones to not be insurmountable, I shall divide the Universe into concepts with which to operate: time and space-mass-energy;
- time becomes, thus, a subjective element that depends upon the conscience which divided the Universe in the above mentioned two concepts and is defined in the thesis;
- space-mass-energy is the part left over from the concept of Universe after the extraction (against nature) of time. The thesis identifies space-mass-energy as dark-matter, a notion present in contemporary cosmology.
- time and space-mass-energy shall be explained (presented) via logical-mathematical models of discontinuity. Mathematical formalism of the arithmetic continuum shall be seldom used and the results will be quantified.
the hypothesis of cosmological inflation is kept;
the thesis presents a model of quantum gravity which endows the Universe with dynamism;
based on the axioms, definitions and theorems in the paper, I have built a software application that generates Universe models which can be analyzed through the generated reports and images. The paper presents several reports and images for different Universe definitions. Due to the huge computing times, Universe evolutions are presented as they unfold only throughout several million Planck time units. There are no expectations with regards to the digital model being able to calculate the Universe, step by step over long periods of time, which is why it does not address issues concerning the ways in which dark energy operates; even so, in order to avoid gross violations of the laws of energy and information conservation, the algorithms store dark energy quantitatively, perhaps for future developments;
as such, this thesis:
- it answers, invalidates or renders inconsequential questions such as: If the Universe is finite, then what is beyond it? or How is it possible that all this massive quantity of matter in the universe to have appeared from nothing or to have been concentrated in an infinitely small and dense point?
- in order to answer the above questions, this thesis does not compel one to add new hypotheses such as: the cyclicality of big bangs and of implosions or the interaction with parallel universes (how can they be parallel if they interact) and all that only to salvage the hypothesis of the Hot Big Bang alone.
- the thesis excludes one of the hypotheses regarding the end of the universe, namely the hypothesis of the Big Chill;
- it annuls Stephen Hawking’s Informational Paradox of the Black Hole, because according tthe thesis at hand and the articles associated with it, there is yet another process linked to black holes that makes Hawking radiation not lead, ultimately, to their evaporation;
- the missing process mentioned above explains why supermassive black holes exist within the universe, as long as, apparently, the age of the universe is to young to permit the formation of such giants through matter absorption and/or through fusion and/or through direct implosion of matter from the early universe.
- the thesis shows that the value of the gravitational constant decreases in time and furthermore, it depends on the age and total mass of the universe. At the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting in 1979, Paul Dirac advocated a similar hypothesis.